Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Espionage shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Espionage offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Espionage at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Espionage? Wrong! If the Espionage is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Espionage then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Espionage? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Espionage and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Espionage wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Espionage then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Espionage site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Espionage, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Espionage, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.



Espionage (a word from Latin language about an organization or a society that is considered secrecy or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Unlike other forms of Intelligence (information gathering), espionage involves accessing the place where the desired information is stored, or accessing the people who know the information and will divulge it through some kind of subterfuge.It also can be used as a general term to describe spying activities.

Espionage is usually part of an institutional effort (i.e., governmental or corporate espionage), and the term is most readily associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies, primarily for military purposes, but this has been extended to spying involving corporations, known specifically as industrial espionage. Many nations routinely spy on both their enemies and allies, although they maintain a Gentlemen's agreement of not making comment on this. In addition to utilizing agencies within a government many also employ private companies to collect information on their behalf such as SCG International Risk and others. Black's Law Dictionary (1990) defines espionage as: "...gathering, transmitting, or losing...information related to the national defense."

A spy is a person employed to obtain such secrets. The term intelligence officer is also used to describe a member of the armed forces, police, or civilian intelligence agency who specialises in the gathering, fusion, and wiktionary:Analysis of information and intelligence in order to provide advice to their government or another organisation. In general, intelligence officers travel to foreign countries to recruit and "run" intelligence agents, who in turn spy on their own governments. These agents can be mole (espionage) (who are recruited before they get access to secrets) or defectors (who are recruited after they get access to secrets).

History Incidents of espionage are well documented throughout history. The ancient writings of History of China and History of India military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion (political). Chanakya's student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, which are described in Chanakya's Arthasastra. The ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Feudal Japan often used ninja to gather intelligence. More recently, spies played a significant part in Elizabethan England (see Francis Walsingham). Many modern espionage methods were well established even then.

The Cold War involved intense Cold War espionage activity between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and their allies, particularly related to nuclear weapons secrets. Recently, espionage agencies have targeted the illegal drug trade and those considered to be terrorism.

For three decades the United States has cultivated its best and brightest to pre-eminence in what is now known as the field of communication and control. As technology has advanced, the means and methods of espionage have advanced from Richard M. Nixon era wire tapping, through Ronald Reagan era programs like ECHELON and Carnivore (FBI), to surveillance of all electronic transmissions including cell phone logs, voice mail, email, packet sniffing, trace routing and wireless transmissions.

However, the Soviet Union has been said to have had fielded the largest and most advanced spy networks during its time, infiltrating some of the most secure places on the planet, which has caused many scandals.

Since January of 2000, a long list of agencies have been data mining the world's stock exchanges; this program was formalized on October 26, 2001, in the form of the Patriot Act. This helps track the financing of people who might be laundering money. This is done without warrants.

In order to gather political and economic information that might be of advantage to the United States, foreign communications are routinely subject to surveillance. In 2002, new programs of satellite surveillance and unmanned low level drones armed with missiles made it possible not only to perform surveillance in real time, but to respond with force.

Risks The risks of espionage vary. A spy breaking the host country's laws may be deported, imprisoned, or even executed. A spy breaking his/her own country's laws can be imprisoned for espionage or/and treason, or even executed, as the Rosenbergs were. For example, when Aldrich Ames handed a stack of dossiers of CIA agents in the Eastern Bloc to his KGB-officer "handler," the KGB "rolled up" several networks, and at least ten people were secretly shot. When Ames was arrested by the FBI, he faced life in prison; his contact, who had diplomatic immunity, was declared persona non grata and taken to the airport. Ames's wife was threatened with life imprisonment if her husband did not cooperate; he did, and she was given a five-year sentence. Hugh Francis Redmond, a CIA officer in China, spent nineteen years in a Chinese prison for espionage—and died there—as he was operating without diplomatic cover and immunity.

Espionage by country{], Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal, Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Estratégica Militar|-||Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, Australian Secret Intelligence Service|-||[General Intelligence Directorate|-||[Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure, Direction centrale des renseignements généraux, Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire|-||Bundesnachrichtendienst|-||Research and Analysis Wing, Intelligence Bureau|-||[Mossad|-||SISDE, SISMI|-||Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional|-||Inter-Services Intelligence|-||General Intelligence and Security Service|-||[FSB (Russia), Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia), GRU|-||National Intelligence Agency, South African Secret Service, South African National Defence Force Intelligence Division|-||[MI5, Secret Intelligence Service, Special Branch, [Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency|}

Spies in various conflicts

Espionage technology and techniques

Spy fiction During the many 20th century spy scandals, a large amount of information became publicly known about national spy agencies and dozens of real-life secret agents. These sensational stories piqued public interest in a profession largely off-limits to human interest news reporting, a natural consequence of the secrecy inherent to their work. To fill in the blanks, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and film. While it is obvious from reading news accounts that many real spies, such as Valerie Plame, are attractive and sociable, the fictional secret agent is oftentimes a loner, sometimes amoral—an existentialism hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. Loner spy personalities may have been a stereotype of convenience for authors who already knew how to write loner private investigator characters that sold well from the 1920s to the present.

While fictional secret agents, such as Johnny Fedora, were popular during the 1950s and 60s, James Bond, the protagonist of Ian Fleming's novels, who went on to spawn an extremely successful film franchise, is the most famous fictional secret agent of all: he uses the best toys and excels at fighting and seduction, completely ignoring the more tedious side of espionage. In direct contrast to this, John LeCarre's character George Smiley is often considered the "anti-Bond" and one of the more realistic fictional spies: he is a finite and imperfect man, initially defeated by enemies within the Secret Service, who eventually prevails by patience, intelligence, and compassion. Another is the boy spy Alex Rider, created by Anthony Horowitz; Rider is said to be useful due to his youth. Other popular spies are the characters Johnny Fedora by Desmond Cory; Quiller by Elleston Trevor; Nikita, played by Peta Wilson, and Michael Samuelle, played by Roy Dupuis, in the TV series La Femme Nikita (TV series) (1997–2001), Jack_Ryan_(Tom_Clancy) in numerous Tom Clancy novels, and Sydney Bristow, played by Jennifer Garner, in the subsequent TV series Alias (TV series) (2001–2006). The British TV series Spooks is another example of spy fiction.

Spy fiction has also become prevalent in video gaming, where the "wet work" aspect of espionage is highlighted. Game situations typically involve agents sent into enemy territory for purposes of subversion. These depictions are more action-oriented than would be typical in most cases of espionage, and they tend to focus on infiltration rather than information-gathering. Some examples are GoldenEye 007, Perfect Dark, Thief (computer game series), Metal Gear (series) and Splinter Cell. Recent incarnations have attempted to introduce more psychological aspects of infiltration, such as social camouflage and moral decision making, into gameplay.

See also

References Further reading Surveys

World War I

World War II: 1931-1945

Cold War Era: 1945-1991 | last = Craig | first = R. Bruce | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Spy Case | publisher = University Press of Kansas | date = 2004 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 978-0-7006-1311-3 -->



Espionage (a word from Latin language about an organization or a society that is considered secrecy or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Unlike other forms of Intelligence (information gathering), espionage involves accessing the place where the desired information is stored, or accessing the people who know the information and will divulge it through some kind of subterfuge.It also can be used as a general term to describe spying activities.

Espionage is usually part of an institutional effort (i.e., governmental or corporate espionage), and the term is most readily associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies, primarily for military purposes, but this has been extended to spying involving corporations, known specifically as industrial espionage. Many nations routinely spy on both their enemies and allies, although they maintain a Gentlemen's agreement of not making comment on this. In addition to utilizing agencies within a government many also employ private companies to collect information on their behalf such as SCG International Risk and others. Black's Law Dictionary (1990) defines espionage as: "...gathering, transmitting, or losing...information related to the national defense."

A spy is a person employed to obtain such secrets. The term intelligence officer is also used to describe a member of the armed forces, police, or civilian intelligence agency who specialises in the gathering, fusion, and wiktionary:Analysis of information and intelligence in order to provide advice to their government or another organisation. In general, intelligence officers travel to foreign countries to recruit and "run" intelligence agents, who in turn spy on their own governments. These agents can be mole (espionage) (who are recruited before they get access to secrets) or defectors (who are recruited after they get access to secrets).

History Incidents of espionage are well documented throughout history. The ancient writings of History of China and History of India military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion (political). Chanakya's student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, which are described in Chanakya's Arthasastra. The ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Feudal Japan often used ninja to gather intelligence. More recently, spies played a significant part in Elizabethan England (see Francis Walsingham). Many modern espionage methods were well established even then.

The Cold War involved intense Cold War espionage activity between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and their allies, particularly related to nuclear weapons secrets. Recently, espionage agencies have targeted the illegal drug trade and those considered to be terrorism.

For three decades the United States has cultivated its best and brightest to pre-eminence in what is now known as the field of communication and control. As technology has advanced, the means and methods of espionage have advanced from Richard M. Nixon era wire tapping, through Ronald Reagan era programs like ECHELON and Carnivore (FBI), to surveillance of all electronic transmissions including cell phone logs, voice mail, email, packet sniffing, trace routing and wireless transmissions.

However, the Soviet Union has been said to have had fielded the largest and most advanced spy networks during its time, infiltrating some of the most secure places on the planet, which has caused many scandals.

Since January of 2000, a long list of agencies have been data mining the world's stock exchanges; this program was formalized on October 26, 2001, in the form of the Patriot Act. This helps track the financing of people who might be laundering money. This is done without warrants.

In order to gather political and economic information that might be of advantage to the United States, foreign communications are routinely subject to surveillance. In 2002, new programs of satellite surveillance and unmanned low level drones armed with missiles made it possible not only to perform surveillance in real time, but to respond with force.

Risks The risks of espionage vary. A spy breaking the host country's laws may be deported, imprisoned, or even executed. A spy breaking his/her own country's laws can be imprisoned for espionage or/and treason, or even executed, as the Rosenbergs were. For example, when Aldrich Ames handed a stack of dossiers of CIA agents in the Eastern Bloc to his KGB-officer "handler," the KGB "rolled up" several networks, and at least ten people were secretly shot. When Ames was arrested by the FBI, he faced life in prison; his contact, who had diplomatic immunity, was declared persona non grata and taken to the airport. Ames's wife was threatened with life imprisonment if her husband did not cooperate; he did, and she was given a five-year sentence. Hugh Francis Redmond, a CIA officer in China, spent nineteen years in a Chinese prison for espionage—and died there—as he was operating without diplomatic cover and immunity.

Espionage by country{], Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Criminal, Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia Estratégica Militar|-||Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, Australian Secret Intelligence Service|-||[General Intelligence Directorate|-||[Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure, Direction centrale des renseignements généraux, Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire|-||Bundesnachrichtendienst|-||Research and Analysis Wing, Intelligence Bureau|-||[Mossad|-||SISDE, SISMI|-||Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional|-||Inter-Services Intelligence|-||General Intelligence and Security Service|-||[FSB (Russia), Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia), GRU|-||National Intelligence Agency, South African Secret Service, South African National Defence Force Intelligence Division|-||[MI5, Secret Intelligence Service, Special Branch, [Central Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency|}

Spies in various conflicts

Espionage technology and techniques

Spy fiction During the many 20th century spy scandals, a large amount of information became publicly known about national spy agencies and dozens of real-life secret agents. These sensational stories piqued public interest in a profession largely off-limits to human interest news reporting, a natural consequence of the secrecy inherent to their work. To fill in the blanks, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st century literature and film. While it is obvious from reading news accounts that many real spies, such as Valerie Plame, are attractive and sociable, the fictional secret agent is oftentimes a loner, sometimes amoral—an existentialism hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. Loner spy personalities may have been a stereotype of convenience for authors who already knew how to write loner private investigator characters that sold well from the 1920s to the present.

While fictional secret agents, such as Johnny Fedora, were popular during the 1950s and 60s, James Bond, the protagonist of Ian Fleming's novels, who went on to spawn an extremely successful film franchise, is the most famous fictional secret agent of all: he uses the best toys and excels at fighting and seduction, completely ignoring the more tedious side of espionage. In direct contrast to this, John LeCarre's character George Smiley is often considered the "anti-Bond" and one of the more realistic fictional spies: he is a finite and imperfect man, initially defeated by enemies within the Secret Service, who eventually prevails by patience, intelligence, and compassion. Another is the boy spy Alex Rider, created by Anthony Horowitz; Rider is said to be useful due to his youth. Other popular spies are the characters Johnny Fedora by Desmond Cory; Quiller by Elleston Trevor; Nikita, played by Peta Wilson, and Michael Samuelle, played by Roy Dupuis, in the TV series La Femme Nikita (TV series) (1997–2001), Jack_Ryan_(Tom_Clancy) in numerous Tom Clancy novels, and Sydney Bristow, played by Jennifer Garner, in the subsequent TV series Alias (TV series) (2001–2006). The British TV series Spooks is another example of spy fiction.

Spy fiction has also become prevalent in video gaming, where the "wet work" aspect of espionage is highlighted. Game situations typically involve agents sent into enemy territory for purposes of subversion. These depictions are more action-oriented than would be typical in most cases of espionage, and they tend to focus on infiltration rather than information-gathering. Some examples are GoldenEye 007, Perfect Dark, Thief (computer game series), Metal Gear (series) and Splinter Cell. Recent incarnations have attempted to introduce more psychological aspects of infiltration, such as social camouflage and moral decision making, into gameplay.

See also

References Further reading Surveys

World War I

World War II: 1931-1945

Cold War Era: 1945-1991 | last = Craig | first = R. Bruce | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter White Spy Case | publisher = University Press of Kansas | date = 2004 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 978-0-7006-1311-3 -->



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